Constitutional Law: Protection of Individual Rights: Substantive Due Process: Fundamental Rights: Right to Vote

• Right to Vote – 1 person, 1 vote for federal, state, and local elections.

• EXECEPTIONS: for special limited purpose districts, voting can be limited only to landowners and votes can be apportioned according to percentage of land owned (water board).

• Property interest restricts are generally unconstitutional.

• Reapportionment: geographical boundaries may not be defined so as to deny medical equality.

• Gerrymandering: unconstitutional; deliberately distorting political district for partisan purposes.

• Ballot access: Restriction on becoming an independent candidate upheld after strict scrutiny applied.

• California blanked primary law allowing voters to cast ballots across party lines – violates parties right to choose own leaders; struck down under strict scrutiny.

• Right to be a candidate: Not fundamental (RBR applies).

• Age, payment of reasonable filing fee, reasonable residency requirements all come under rational basis.

• On ESSAY:

• The right to vote is a 15^th Amendment issue.

• Representation, apportionment, discrimination in voting come under the 14^th Amendment equal protection analysis.
• Durational Residency Requirements: Substantive Due Process 14^th
  Amendment analysis.